ATTITUDES OF WOMEN TOWARDS UTILIZATION OF CONTRACEPTIVES: A CASE STUDY OF LAGOS STATE (2013-2022)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study: The significant increase in global population in recent years has garnered considerable interest, particularly in Africa, where the highest crude birth rates are observed. The current population of Nigeria is estimated to be between 90 and 100 million individuals, or possibly even higher, with an annual growth rate of 3.3 percent (Oni, 2006). Based on the current population estimate, Nigeria is often considered to be overpopulated according to many population analyses. In light of the competition, the Federal Government has recently developed a policy regarding the country's population. This involves the management and control of our human population through the use of guided skills, goals, policies, plans, programmes, and projects aimed at enhancing human quality (Planned Parenthood Federation of Nigeria 2010).

We must consider the potential negative consequences of uncontrolled reproduction on women, such as the risks associated with childbirth at a young age or later in life. In developed nations, the population growth rate has decreased as individuals have made the choice to have fewer children. However, in developing nations like Nigeria, the growth rate remains high as only a small number of couples choose to limit their family size. Estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in (2000) WHO (2004) on a global and regional scale. This is likely due to the perception that children are highly cherished and welcomed as precious gifts from a higher power. There is a valid concern regarding the finite nature and lack of regulation of natural resources. This raises the possibility that population growth could lead to a crisis, as indicated by statistics from the central statistical agency, ICF International (2006). Reveals that a significant portion of the global population lacks sufficient access to food and shelter. It is unfortunate that individuals who may struggle to provide for their children are having more offspring compared to those who are financially capable of supporting them (Shuaib & Oghdoh 2010). There is an increasing awareness among individuals and nations alike, to restrict their family size and population respectively. (Nelson, Tom & Timothy,. Soc. Sc. 2011). It is essential to prioritise proper nutrition, suitable housing, and an improved quality of life.

The health policy and strategic framework implemented in 2012 marked a significant milestone for the Federal Government in addressing the alarming rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Its aim was to enhance access to high-quality reproductive health services across all levels of care. One of the key steps to achieve the stated goals of reproductive health policy is to enhance access to information on family planning, promote a wider range of contraceptive methods, and foster the development of new initiatives that would ensure the availability of commodities and supplies at the service delivery points. Everyone involved recognised the importance of having access to necessary resources such as contraceptives and condoms for the success of reproductive health, population, and HIV/AIDS programmes.

Thus, in order to foster greater understanding and support for family planning, it is crucial to maintain a consistent and reliable availability of the necessary resources at every level. Family Planning emerged as a method to manage population growth. The services were initially provided by independent agencies and private individuals in Nigeria. It is increasingly recognised that individuals should have the necessary knowledge and agency to safeguard their reproductive well-being and make informed choices. Dwger J. C. (2002). Despite the benefits of family planning, there is a prevalence of rumours and misinformation surrounding this topic. Despite the ongoing resistance, there are concerns that educating young people about sexuality and providing them with family planning information may lead to perceived irresponsibility and promiscuity. Many women in their reproductive years hesitate to seek information or assistance from their family or professional environments. Consequently, they lack the necessary information. Olugbenga-Bello, Abodunrin & Adeomi (2011).

The Planned Parenthood Federation of Nigeria (2001) highlighted the lack of awareness among women in Nigeria regarding reproductive health and family planning. Their experience in 34 out of the 36 states of Nigeria revealed a significant gap in knowledge in this area. Throughout history, the topic of family planning has been a matter of great importance as individuals have sought methods to avoid unintended pregnancies. Efforts to curb these pregnancies have faced resistance throughout history, as documented by Ali, Rozi, and Mahmood (2004). Nevertheless, numerous studies have been conducted, leading to the development of various family planning methods that cater to the diverse requirements of individual users.

1.2 Problem Statement

In a context where maternal and infant mortality rates are high, poverty is rampant, and malnutrition is common, empowering women with the knowledge and resources to plan their own families is vital. Women may face limitations in freely determining the timing and number of births, which could be attributed to unmet needs. The presence of a desire to manage fertility and the capability to obtain and utilise contraception are necessary for a shift in fertility to take place (Kathryn, 2009).

Based on the latest data reported by the United Nations in 2011, there is a significant variation in contraceptive prevalence among married or unionised women of reproductive age. The prevalence ranges from 3 percent in Chad to 88 percent in Norway. On a global scale, the prevalence of contraception stands at 63 percent. Interestingly, this figure is slightly higher in more developed regions (72 percent) compared to less developed regions (61 percent). However, it is worth noting that a significant number of married or unionised women of reproductive age are utilising contraception in both contexts. In many underdeveloped areas, the prevalence of contraception is 50 percent or higher. Sub-Saharan Africa, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia stand out as regions where the estimated levels of contraceptive prevalence remain below 40 percent. Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest level of contraceptive prevalence among regions, with only 22 percent of married or unionised women of reproductive age using any form of contraception. More than half of the 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have available data exhibit a contraceptive prevalence below 20 percent, according to the United Nations in 2011.

In Nigeria, the total fertility rate has remained consistently high, standing at 5.4 children per woman (URT, 2010). The Contraceptive Prevalence Rate is reported to be 29% among women aged 15-49, with 34% among married women in the same age group. Additionally, 27% of women in this category are reported to be using modern contraceptive methods (URT, 2010). However, there is limited information available regarding the perspective of women when it comes to utilising modern contraceptives in Nigeria. This study was conducted to address the existing knowledge gap.

 

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General objective

General objective of the study was to explore the attitude of women towards the use of modern contraceptive in Nigeria. Lagos state was selected as the case study.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

1. To outline a trend of women’s modern contraceptive use in the past ten years.

2. To assess women’s preference towards modern contraceptive use.

3. To identify socio-economic determinants of women’s attitude towards modern contraceptive use.

Research Questions

1. What is the trend of change of women’s modern contraceptive use in the past ten years?

2. What modern contraceptive methods do women prefer to use?

3. What are socio-economic determinants of women’s attitude towards modern contraceptive use?

1.5 significance of study

The findings of this study will provide valuable insights for health educators in designing awareness programmes for clients, enabling them to make informed decisions regarding family planning methods.  The results of this study will allow the client to take advantage of the educational programmes offered by health educators in areas related to contraceptive use. The results of this study will raise awareness among policy makers, prompting them to develop policies that promote family planning practices. The results of this study will greatly contribute to the reduction of mortality and morbidity by raising awareness about family planning and preventing unwanted pregnancies. The findings of this study would greatly enhance the existing knowledge base for researchers and serve as a valuable resource for educational purposes.  

1.6  scope of the Study

This study focuses on the attitude of women in Lagos State, Nigeria, towards the utilisation of modern contraceptives. It specifically targets women of reproductive age, between 15 and 49 years old.

1.7 organization of study

The initial chapter delved into the introduction. The second chapter of the study consisted of a literature review. In this chapter, the study extensively explores the theoretical and empirical literatures that are relevant to the topic.  In Chapter three of the study, the methodology employed is thoroughly explained. The methodology includes a detailed description of the study area, study design, sampling procedure, sample size, methods of data collection, data analysis, and the validity and reliability of the study. Chapter four of the study focused on presenting the findings and engaging in a thoughtful discussion. Chapter five of the study focused on summarising the findings, drawing conclusions, and providing recommendations.